Los incendios forestales pueden modificar de forma importante las propiedades hidrológicas del suelo. Entre estos cambios se encuentra la repelencia al agua del suelo (soil water repellency, SWR), que puede reducir la infiltración y favorecer la escorrentía y la erosión. Sin embargo, su distribución no es uniforme: incluso dentro de una misma parcela pueden coexistir zonas hidrófilas y áreas con elevada repelencia.
Esta
variabilidad convierte a la escala de parcela en un nivel de observación
especialmente interesante para la geomática. Frente a la resolución espacial de
los sensores satelitales, los UAV permiten obtener imágenes RGB,
multiespectrales o térmicas con resolución centimétrica. Estas observaciones
pueden complementarse con fotogrametría Structure-from-Motion (SfM) y escáner
láser terrestre (TLS) para caracterizar la microtopografía, la rugosidad y
la evolución de pequeños regueros.
La clave
está en integrar estas observaciones con mediciones directas de campo, como el Water
Drop Penetration Time (WDPT). Los datos de campo permiten calibrar y
validar modelos capaces de estimar espacialmente la repelencia, mientras que la
teledetección hiperespectral ha demostrado su potencial para relacionar
determinadas características de la superficie quemada con la SWR.
Esta
integración permite pasar de mediciones puntuales a mapas espaciales de
vulnerabilidad hidrológica, útiles para analizar dónde puede concentrarse
la escorrentía y dónde pueden desarrollarse procesos erosivos después de las
primeras lluvias. Así, la geomática se convierte en un puente entre la
observación detallada del suelo y la modelización hidrológica de áreas quemada.
Geomatics and Post-Fire
Soil Water Repellency at the Plot Scale: Capturing Soil Water Repellency at the
Microscale
Wildfires
can substantially modify the hydrological properties of soil. Among these
changes is soil water repellency (SWR), which can reduce
infiltration and promote runoff and erosion. However, its spatial distribution
is far from uniform: even within a single plot, hydrophilic areas may coexist
with zones showing high levels of water repellency.
This
variability makes the plot scale particularly relevant for
geomatics. Compared with the spatial resolution of satellite sensors, UAVs can
provide RGB, multispectral, or thermal imagery at centimetre-level resolution.
These observations can be combined with Structure-from-Motion (SfM)
photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)
to characterize microtopography, surface roughness, and the development of
small rills.
The key
is to integrate these observations with direct field measurements, such as the Water
Drop Penetration Time (WDPT) test. Field measurements make it possible
to calibrate and validate models capable of spatially estimating soil water
repellency, while hyperspectral remote sensing has shown potential for relating
specific characteristics of burned surfaces to SWR.
This integration makes it
possible to move from point measurements to spatial maps of
hydrological vulnerability, helping to identify areas where runoff may
become concentrated and where erosion processes may develop following the first
rainfall events. In this way, geomatics becomes a bridge between detailed soil
observation and hydrological modelling of burned areas.
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